Which of the following elements is not necessary to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur?

Which of the following elements is not necessary to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur?



a. An ultrahazardous activity is involved.
b. The harm could not possibly have occurred without negligence.
c. The plaintiff had no role in causing the harm.
d. The defendant had singular control of the thing that caused the harm.






Answer: A


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